Means, Motive, and Opportunity: Investigating the Role of Immune Cells in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes
Date Posted: Monday, July 19, 2021
The islets of Langerhans are a cluster of cells within the pancreas. They’re responsible for the production and release of insulin and glucagon, the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels. Beta cells located within those islets are responsible for insulin production. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), a diverse assortment of immune cells infiltrates pancreatic islets. T cells are part of the immune system with the job of protecting the body from infection, but are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases and attack the ‘self’.
Scientists around the world continue to conduct extensive research to understand how and why immune cells in people with T1D attack their own beta cells. A newly published article in the scientific journal Frontiers in Immunology examines the role of T cells at the “scene of the crime,” where autoimmune attacks occur. A collaboration of nine scientists from the United States, Germany, France, and Sweden co-authored the article titled “Means, Motive, and Opportunity: Do Non-Islet-Reactive Infiltrating T Cells Contribute to Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes?” It’s written in the narrative of a crime investigation in which T cells are the criminals that attack beta cells. They examined the means, motive, and opportunity for immune cells to attack insulin-producing cells, including T cells, which may not be specific to the islets.
“Most of us have known each other for years,” said Sally Kent, PhD. “I proposed to the group that we provide our perspectives about what T cells are seeing in the islets of people with T1D.”
Insulitis is an inflammation of the islets. It’s caused by an invasion of immune cells that trigger the autoimmune response and lead to the destruction of beta cells. “Just because the T-cell is at the site of the crime, it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re specific for reactivity to islets,” said Dr. Kent. “They may simply be bystanders pulled into the inflammation by other immune cells, which are actually doing the attacking.”
Dr. Kent and her collaborators challenge scientists from around the globe to join them in investigating what role these cells play in T1D. Their article proposes several hypotheses and scenarios. They hope it inspires others to take a closer look at the immune cells that infiltrate the islets of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). “It’s becoming clearer that there is a broad repertoire of T cells infiltrating the islets and some kill the insulin-producing beta cells,” said Dr. Kent. “We still don’t know what some types of T cells are seeing.”
One of the many challenges of studying these cells is that researchers are chasing a moving target. The behavior and observable characteristics of T cells change depending on the situation. In an inflammatory environment, they can behave differently from how they would in a neutral environment.
“In my opinion, the biggest challenge is to understand what the immune cell infiltrate is doing in the islets of people with T1D,” said Dr. Kent. “We still don’t understand what role each cell is playing, and how they interact with each other.”
Once they understand the interaction between cellular components and target tissue in islets during the autoimmune attack, it might provide insight into the cause(s) of T1D.